In order to ensure high accuracy, precision test and measurement systems require power supply solutions with low levels of ripple and radiated noise so as not to degrade the performance of high resolution converter signal chains. In these test and measurement applications, generating system supplies that are bipolar and/or isolated poses a challenge to system designers in terms of board area, switching ripple, EMI, and efficiency. Data acquisition systems and digital multimeters require low noise supplies in order to deliver the performance of high resolution ADC signal chains without being corrupted by spurious ripple tones from switching supplies. Source measure units and dc sources/power supplies have similar requirements for minimizing spurious output ripple on high resolution DAC signal chains. There is also a trend toward a higher channel count in precision test and measurement instruments for increased parallel testing. In electrically isolated applications, these multichannel instruments have an increasing need for channel-to-channel isolation where power must be generated on a per channel basis. This is driving solutions that require a smaller and smaller PCB footprint while maintaining performance. Implementing low noise power solutions in these applications can result in larger than desired PCB footprints and/or poor power efficiency from excessive use of LDO regulators or filter circuits.
For example, a switching power supply rail with 5 mV of ripple at 1 MHz would need a combined power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of 60 dB or greater from an LDO regulator and powered ADC to reduce the switching ripple seen at the ADC output to 5 μV or less. This would be a fraction of an LSB for a high resolution 18-bit ADC.
Luckily there are solutions that are simplifying this task through higher levels of power solution integration with μModule® devices and components that deliver greater efficiencies while reducing radiated noise and switching ripple such as Silent Switcher® devices and high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) LDO regulators.
Many precision test and measurement instruments such as source measure units or power supplies require multiquadrant operation to source and measure both positive and negative signals. This requires the generation of both negative and positive supplies from a single positive supply input with low noise and in an efficient manner. Let’s consider a system that requires bipolar supply generation from a single positive input supply. Figure 1 shows power solutions that generate ±15 V and ±5 V and use positive and negative LDO regulators to filter/reduce the switching ripple as well as generate additional rails like 5 V, 3.3 V, or 1.8 V for powering signal conditioning circuitry or ADCs and DACs.
The power rail solutions shown here were designed using the system designer found in LTpowerCAD®. The LTpowerCAD® design tool is a complete power supply design tool program that can significantly ease the tasks of power supply design with many power products.
The LTM8049 and ADP5070/ADP5071 allow us to take a single positive input, boost it to the required positive supply, and invert it to generate the negative supply rail. The LTM8049 is a μModule solution that greatly simplifies the number of components needed to do this—we just need to add the input and output capacitors. As well as simplifying the design challenge in terms of selecting components and board layout for switching regulators, the LTM8049 also minimizes the PCB footprint and bill of materials needed for generating bipolar supplies. Where efficiency at lighter loads (<~100 mA) is required, the ADP5070/ADP5071 is a better choice. Although the ADP5070 solution requires more external components, like inductors and diodes, it allows for more customization of the power solution. Both the ADP5070 and LTM8049 have sync pins that can be used to synchronize the switching frequency with the clock of an ADC to avoid switching the internal FETs during sensitive time periods for an ADC. The high efficiency of these regulators at a load current of a few 100 mA makes them ideal for precision instrument supplies.
The LT3032 incorporates both a positive and negative low noise LDO regulator in a single package with wide operating range. The LT3023 incorporates two low noise, positive LDO regulators with a wide operating range. Both LDO regulators are configured to operate with minimal headroom (~0.5 V) to maximize efficiency while also delivering good ripple rejection from the switching regulator stage. Both LDO regulators are available in small LFCSP packages that reduce the PCB footprint and simplify the bill of materials. If much higher levels of PSRR are required from the LDO regulator to further reduce the switching ripple in the MHz range, then LDO regulators like the LT3094/LT3045 should be considered. The choice of how much PSRR is required in the LDO stage will depend on the PSRR of the components, like ADCs, DACs, and amplifiers that are powered from the supply rails. Generally, higher PSRR LDO regulators are less efficient due to higher quiescent current.
CN-0345 and CN-0385 are two examples of reference designs that implement this solution by using the ADP5070. These designs are for precision multichannel data acquisition using precision ADCs such as the 18-/20-bit AD4003/AD4020. In CN-0345, an LC tank circuit is used to filter the switching ripple from the ADP5070 instead of using an LDO regulator as shown in Figure 1. In reference design CN-0385, positive and negative LDO regulators (ADP7118 and ADP7182) are used after the ADP5070 to filter the switching ripple. An example for powering a bipolar 20-bit precision DAC like the AD5791 with the ADP5070 can be found in the evaluation board user guide here.
These examples show how high levels of precision performance can be maintained while using switching regulators like the ADP5070 to generate bipolar supplies in applications such as data acquisition and precision power supplies/sources.
Isolated Bipolar Power Supplies
When a precision test and measurement instrument needs to be isolated for safety reasons, this brings challenges in delivering sufficient power efficiently across the isolation barrier. In multichannel isolated instruments, channel-to-channel isolation means a power solution per channel. This necessitates a compact power solution that can deliver power efficiently. Figure 2 shows a solution for delivering isolated power with bipolar rails.
The ADuM3470 and LTM8067 allow us to deliver power over the isolation barrier up to ~400 mA at 5 V isolated output with high efficiency. The LTM8067 is a μModule solution integrating the transformer and other components that simplify the design and layout of the isolated power solution while minimizing the PCB footprint and bill of materials. The LTM8067 isolates up to 2 kV rms. For even lower output ripple, the LTM8068 incorporates an output LDO regulator that reduces the output ripple from 30 mV rms to 20 μV rms at the expense of the lower output current of 300 mA.
The ADuM3470 family uses an external transformer to deliver isolated power while also integrating digital isolation channels for data transfer and control of ADCs and DACs. Depending on how the isolation solution is configured, the isolated power output can be followed with a power solution similar to Figure 1, as shown in Figure 2 to generate ±15 V rails on the isolated side from a single positive supply. Alternatively, the ADuM3470 design can be configured to generate bipolar supplies directly without the need for an extra switcher stage. This results in a smaller PCB area solution at the expense of efficiency. The ADuM3470 isolates up to 2.5 kV rms, but the ADuM4470 family can be used for higher levels of voltage isolation up to 5 kV rms.
CN-0385 is an example of a reference design that implements the ADuM3470 solution, as seen in Figure 2. The ADP5070 is used on the isolated side to generate the bipolar ±16 V rails from an isolated 5.5 V. This reference design makes use of the digital isolated channels also included in the ADuM3470. A similar design that uses the ADuM3470 is CN-0393. This is a bank isolated data acquisition system based on the ADAQ7980/ADAQ7988 μModule ADC. In this design, the ADuM3470 is configured with an external transformer and Schottky diode full wave rectifier to generate ±16.5 V directly without the need for an additional regulator stage. This allows for a smaller footprint solution at the expense of lower efficiency. A similar solution is shown in CN-0292, which is a 4-channel data acquisition solution based on the AD7176 Σ-Δ ADC, and CN-0233, which highlights the same isolated power solution of a 16-bit bipolar DAC.
These examples show how to deliver isolated power for precision levels of performance in isolated data acquisition or isolated power supplies while maintaining a small PCB footprint or high levels of power efficiency.
Silent Switcher Architecture to Efficiently Step Down with Low Noise
In the power supply scheme shown in Figure 1, an LDO regulator is used to step down from 15 V to 5 V/3.3 V. This is not a very efficient way of generating these low voltage rails. A solution to improve the efficiency of stepping down to lower voltages using the Silent Switcher, μModule regulator LTM8074 is shown in Figure 3.
The LTM8074 is a Silent Switcher, μModule step-down regulator in a small, 4 mm × 4 mm footprint BGA package capable of delivering up to 1.2 A with low radiated noise. Silent Switcher technology cancels stray fields generated by the switching currents, thereby reducing conducted and radiated noise. The high efficiency of this μModule device with its very low radiated noise makes it a great choice for powering noise sensitive precision signal chains. Depending on the PSRR of the components connected to the output supply such as amplifiers, DACs, or ADCs, it may be possible to power them directly from the Silent Switcher output without the need for an LDO regulator to further filter the supply ripple as is needed for traditional switchers. Its high output current of 1.2 A also means it could be used to power the digital hardware in a system such as an FPGA if needed. The LTM8074’s small footprint and high level of integration make it a great fit for space constrained applications while simplifying and speeding up the design and layout of a switching regulator supply.
If greater customization is needed at the expense of PCB area, then a discrete implementation of a Silent Switcher device can be achieved by using a product like the LT8609S. These products include a spread spectrum mode to spread the ripple energy at the switching frequency over a frequency band. This reduces the amplitude of spurious tones showing up in a precision system from the supplies.
Silent Switcher technology combined with the high levels of integration found in μModule solutions solve the challenge of increasing density needs for precision applications, such as multichannel source measure units, without compromising the high resolution levels of performance that system designers need to achieve.
Conclusion
Generating bipolar power supply systems with isolation for precision electronic test and measurement can be a balancing act between system performance, maintaining a small footprint, and power efficiency. Here we have shown solutions and products that help meet these challenges and allow the system designer to make the right trade-offs.
References
- Balat, Fil Paulo, Jefferson Eco, and James Macasaet. “Preventing Start-Up Issues Due to Output Inrush in Switching Converters.” Analog Dialogue, January 2018.
- Knoth, Steve. “Supply Clean Power with Ultralow Noise LDO Regulators.” Analog Devices, Inc., September 2018.
- Limjoco, Aldrick. “Understanding Switching Regulator Output Artifacts Expedites Power Supply Design.” Analog Dialogue, August 2014.
- Luan, Austin. “Low EMI, Silent Switcher, 1.2 A μModule Regulator in 4 mm
- × 4 mm × 1.82 mm BGA Package.” Analog Devices, Inc., January 2019.
- Morita, Glenn. “Understand Low Dropout Regulator (LDO) Concepts to Achieve Optimal Designs.” Analog Dialogue, December 2014.
- Obaldia, Estibaliz Sanz and James Jasper Macasaet. AN-1359 Application Note, Low Noise, Dual-Supply Solution Using the ADP5070 for the Precision AD5761R Bipolar DAC in Single-Supply Systems. Analog Devices, Inc., March 2016.
- Tompseet, Kevin. AN-1366 Application Note, Using the ADP5070/ ADP5071 to Create Positive and Negative Voltage Rails when VOUT < VIN. Analog Devices, Inc., July 2015.
- Walsh, Alan. “Powering a Precision SAR ADC Using a High Efficiency, Ultralow Power Switcher in Power Sensitive Applications.” Analog Devices, Inc., March 2016.
About the Author
Alan Walsh is a system applications engineer at Analog Devices. He joined ADI in 1999 and works in the Precision Instrumentation Group in Wilmington, Massachusetts. He graduated with a B.Eng. in electronic engineering from University College Dublin. He can be reached at alan.walsh@analog.com.
